As Heat Waves Intensify, Europe’s Cities Rely on Age-Old Ways to Stay Cool 歐洲靠傳統造屋工法對抗熱浪

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2023/09/22 第451期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 As Heat Waves Intensify, Europe's Cities Rely on Age-Old Ways to Stay Cool 歐洲靠傳統造屋工法對抗熱浪 Is Gen Z Down to Clown? 太陽劇團抗落日危機 寄望Z世代

As Heat Waves Intensify, Europe's Cities Rely on Age-Old Ways to Stay Cool 歐洲靠傳統造屋工法對抗熱浪 文/Jenny Gross 譯/高詣軒 歐洲靠傳統造屋工法對抗熱浪 There is no single architectural technique that can solve the problem of sweltering heat, which has gripped large parts of Europe this summer. But on a continent where air conditioning is relatively limited, sustainable building techniques can go a long way in protecting residents, according to experts. 今年夏季歐洲大部分地區蒙受熾熱高溫籠罩問題，並無單一建築技術可以解決，但專家指出，在空調設備相對有限的歐洲，永續性造屋技術可能在保護居民上大有可為。 Those features, which include courtyards, heavy shutters, reflective painting and white-stone facades, can keep homes cool naturally and reduce the need for air conditioning. The problem, particularly for Mediterranean cities that have endured scorching temperatures this summer, is that many newer buildings have been built using Western styles that trap heat, said Marialena Nikolopoulou, a professor of sustainable architecture at the University of Kent in England. 包括庭院、厚重的窗戶遮板，反光油漆和白色石造立面，那些特色都可以使房屋自然保持涼爽，並減少空調需求。但英格蘭肯特大學永續建築學教授瑪莉連娜．尼可洛普魯表示，問題在於許多較新的建築是使用會讓熱氣滯留的西方風格建成，尤其對於今夏飽受炎熱高溫的地中海城市來說。 "We've started importing Western architecture and forgetting about local traditions," Nikolopoulou said, speaking from Athens, Greece, the hottest capital on the continent — with an average daily maximum temperature of 33.4 Celsius in July — and one of the most densely populated. Modern high-rise buildings and the use of materials like asphalt for roads trap heat, contributing to the "heat island" effect, in which cities are hotter than surrounding rural areas. A heat wave in Greece has led to tinder-dry conditions that have stoked wildfires in parts of the country. 「我們已開始引進西方建築，並遺忘在地傳統」，尼可洛普魯表示；她發言時身處希臘雅典，是全歐洲最熱的首都，7月平均每日最高溫達攝氏33.4度，人口稠密度在歐洲數一數二。當代高樓建築，以及使用柏油等材料來鋪路，會使熱氣留滯造成「熱島」效應，讓城市比周圍鄉村地區更炎熱。希臘熱浪造成乾燥環境，已在該國局部地區引發數起野火。 In Mediterranean countries like Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, traditional houses tend to include qualities that allow for breezes to run through them. Thick walls help absorb heat during the day and release it at night, and features that provide shade, like pergolas, also serve to keep residents cool and reduce sun exposure, said Catalina Spataru, a professor of global energy and resources at the University College London Energy Institute. Narrow passageways in some city centers and tree-lined streets also provide shade for pedestrians. 在希臘、義大利、西班牙、葡萄牙等地中海國家，傳統房屋往往納入可使微風流通的特性。倫敦大學學院能源研究所的全球能源與資源教授卡塔利娜．史帕塔魯指出，厚重牆壁有助於在日間吸收熱能並於晚間釋出，另外像是涼棚等提供遮蔭的特色，也可用以讓居民常保涼爽並降低日照曝曬。部分城市中心狹窄的通道和沿路植樹的街道，也為行人提供遮蔭。 Europe is experiencing heat waves at a rate that is more frequent and more intense than in many other parts of the world, and numerous homes are not equipped with air-conditioning. 歐洲當前受熱浪侵襲的頻率，比起世界許多其他地區更加頻繁且猛烈，而大量住家並未裝設空調。 Cooling experts say that increased reliance on energy-guzzling air conditioning is not a sustainable solution. Conventional cooling devices, including air conditioners and refrigerators, already account for as much as 10% of all global greenhouse gas emissions, according to a World Bank report published in 2019. That amount is twice the emissions generated from aviation and sea travel combined, the report found. 製冷專家表示，加強依賴能耗驚人的空調設備，並非永續解決方案。根據世界銀行2019年發布的報告，空調、冰箱等傳統製冷裝置，已占全球溫室氣體排放量多達10%。報告發現，該項數字是空中和海上運輸合計造成排放量的兩倍。 Is Gen Z Down to Clown? 太陽劇團抗落日危機 寄望Z世代 文/Emma Goldberg 譯/高詣軒 太陽劇團抗落日危機 寄望Z世代 The circus is a thrill, a locus of nostalgia for people who remember summers with family members under colorful tents, a beloved amalgam of the athletic and the absurd, the rare place where jugglers and acrobats and fire breathers can fly free, fodder for countless movies and a Dr. Seuss book — and, not to be a downer, a business. 馬戲團扣人心弦，對於回憶中曾在夏天和家人一起待在那彩色帳棚下的人們來說，是懷舊的場所；它也是備受喜愛、結合體能和荒誕演出的結晶，更是少數雜耍演員、特技演員和吹火表演者可以自由翱翔的地方，亦是無數電影和蘇斯博士著作之一的創作素材，而同時，平心而論，它也是一門生意。 The circus has to make money to keep its clowns clowning. 馬戲團必須生財有道，才能讓小丑繼續逗人發笑。 Coming out of the pandemic, Cirque du Soleil was in trouble. The company had staked nearly all its revenue in live shows, with their dizzying displays of balletic grace and gravity-defying gymnastics. After filing for bankruptcy protection in 2020, Cirque decided it had to be more than just a circus. It wanted to be a brand, something that could sell perfumes, sunglasses, tote bags and video games. 走出疫情的太陽劇團陷入困境。過去該劇團幾乎將所有獲利來源押寶在現場演出，用芭蕾式的優雅舞動和顛覆重力的體操動作，使人目眩神迷。2020年太陽劇團聲請破產保護後，矢志不能只當個馬戲團，而是想成為一種品牌，可販售香水、太陽眼鏡、托特包和電玩遊戲。 Cirque du Soleil hired a "cultural analysts" firm, called Cultique, to answer an age-old question: Is it possible to hack popularity? 太陽劇團聘僱了一家名為Cultique的公司，由「文化分析師」組成，以期回答一項古老的問題：有可能破解人氣的祕密嗎？ Cultique argues that it is. Analysts there are in the business of selling cool. And their work with the circus this year has offered a glimpse into what it takes to change a business's reputation, to do a brand makeover at a time when social media has made branding both more important than ever and more fraught. Cultique主張，這是有可能的。該公司分析師的本業就是販賣風潮。而他們這一年和該劇團的合作，可讓人一窺在這個社群媒體讓品牌打造變得更重要也更艱難的時代，改變企業名聲並從事品牌重塑要做出何種付出。 Cirque's leaders felt confident that their company embodied everything Gen Z loves: campy outfits, kitschy makeup, feats of athletic daring. Sequins, spandex, being extra. Yet few of that generation — people born from 1997 to 2012, who now have $360 billion in consumer power — seemed interested in the circus. Cirque's more than 40 shows sell 10 million tickets a year around the world, with a focus on its American home in Las Vegas, but mostly to a middle-age (or very young) audience. The average Cirque attendee is 42, according to the company. More than two-thirds have children under 18. 太陽劇團領導人胸有成竹，自認自家劇團體現了Z世代鍾愛的一切：奇裝異服、濃妝豔抹、大膽無畏的神乎其技。亮片，彈性纖維和特立獨行。但該世代的人們，也就是出生於1997年至2012年間、如今掌握3600億美元消費力的一代人，似乎少有人對馬戲團感興趣。太陽劇團超過40個戲碼一年在全球可售出1000萬張票，重點放在美國的根據地拉斯維加斯，但多數購票觀眾都是中年（或非常年幼）。根據該劇團資料，劇團觀眾平均年齡是42歲，超過三分之二帶著未滿18歲的孩子。 Cirque du Soleil turned to Cultique to become relevant. And Cultique promised, improbably, that even at a moment when culture seems to move at the speed of (sorry) a flying trapeze, it's possible for a savvy old business to catch up. 太陽劇團求助於Cultique以期跟上時代，而Cultique則做出不太可能的承諾：即使當前文化似乎以（抱歉了）空中飛人的速度變遷，經典老店還是能夠迎頭趕上。 "We literally help people get ahead of the curve," said Linda Ong, Cultique's co-founder and CEO, later adding, "The secret sauce to our business is we help brands anticipate what's going to change before it's widely acknowledged." 「我們只是幫助人們走在潮流前面」，Cultique共同創辦人兼執行長琳達．王表示，接著說到：「本公司的獨門祕方，就是幫助品牌在眾所周知之前就預期到即將發生的改變。」

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