| |  | The Image of the Heart through the Ages 愛 歷久彌堅 by Igor Bagrov | Though the symbol of love has repeatedly changed over time, its meaning has remained the same.
雖然這個愛的符號已隨著時間一再改變，但它的涵義始終如一。
| Everyone knows and can recognize the familiar heart symbol, be it in a stack of cards, on a postcard, or on a T-shirt. However, this symbol has a deep and long history that has _(1)_ many changes over the course of many centuries.
In the artistic designs of ancient Greece and Rome, we can find the botanical▼ symbol of an ivy leaf _(2)_ eternal love. Little by little, its shape, slightly resembling _(3)_ of a heart, underwent some transformation. By the Middle Ages, it had changed from a merely botanical picture into a heart-shaped image. The symbol is said to have come from a Medieval book about love, where it has an illustration▼ showing a kneeling man offering his heart to a woman. By the 15th century, the image _(4)_ wide popularity as the representation of love, devotion, or other kinds of affection and started to be used in religious paintings, sculptures, and ornaments▼.
Since the 19th century, the symbol has been used on St. Valentine's Day as a decoration on cards, gift boxes, and souvenirs. So, _(5)_, commercial use of the heart symbol has defeated its original spiritual▼ message.
In 1977, there appeared a famous I Love NY logo, which was initially the title of a popular song and then became the State of New York's official logo. For the past 20 years, the image of the heart in the logo has been used as a marker for healthy food, heart medication, and other similar items. New York City authorities▼ tried to _(6)_ many companies for what they claimed was the illegal use of the iconic logo. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City, the well-known logo has become a symbol of _(7)_ among people. From giving people comfort in humanity's darkest moments to expressing love to others, the heart symbol has come a long way from its origins as an ivy leaf.
1. (A) flipped over (B) gone through (C) kept on (D) set up
2. (A) represented (B) representing (C) represents (D) to represent
3. (A) those (B) this (C) that (D) these
4. (A) gained (B) consumed (C) deposited (D) preserved
5. (A) at a time (B) for a change (C) from a distance (D) in a way
6. (A) substitute (B) sue (C) trade (D) mistake
7. (A) dignity (B) quantity (C) unity (D) penalty
|  |  | | | |  | - However, this symbol has a deep and long history that has gone through many changes over the course of many centuries.
然而，這個符號有著一段深厚悠久的歷史，該歷史在許多世紀的過程中經歷了眾多改變。
理由:
a. (A) flip over... / flip... over 翻轉……
同: turn over...
flip vi. 翻轉 & vt. 翻轉；擲（硬幣）
I flipped over the book to hide its cover.
我把那本書翻過來，好把它的封面蓋住。
(B) go through... 經歷……
The successful businessman had gone through a lot of hardships before becoming the person he is today.
這位成功的商人經歷了許多因難後才成就今日的他。
＊hardship n. 艱難；困苦
(C) keep on V-ing 繼續／一直（做）……
If you keep on trying, your dreams may come true someday.
如果你一直努力不懈的話，你的夢想有一天或許會成真。
(D) set up... 建立……
衍: set about V-ing 著手去做……
We set up a statue in memory of the president.
我們建立一座雕像以紀念這位總統。
The students set about planning for their camping trip.
學生們著手計劃他們的露營之旅。
b. 根據語意，(B) 項應為正選。 - In the artistic designs of ancient Greece and Rome, we can find the botanical symbol of an ivy leaf representing eternal love.
在古希臘與古羅馬的藝術設計中，我們可以找到代表永恆之愛的常春藤葉片植物符號。
理由:
a. 本句省略了關係代名詞 which，本句實等於：
In the artistic designs of ancient Greece and Rome, we can find the botanical symbol of an ivy leaf which represents eternal love.
b. 限定修飾的形容詞子句中，若關係代名詞為主詞時，該形容詞子句可化簡為分詞片語，原則如下：
1) 刪除關係代名詞。
2) 之後的動詞改為現在分詞；若動詞為 be 動詞，
變成現在分詞 being 後可省略。
We watched a film starring Sandra Bullock.
= We watched a film which starred Sandra Bullock.
我們看了一部由珊卓•布拉克主演的電影。
c. 根據上述，(B) 項應為正選。 - Little by little, its shape, slightly resembling that of a heart, underwent some transformation.
漸漸地，它的形狀（與心臟的形狀略為相似）經歷了一些轉變。
理由:
a. 在英文中，前面出現的名詞若再次提及，為避免重複，須改用代名詞 that 或 those；若為單數名詞或不可數名詞，以代名詞 that（= the shape）代替；若是複數名詞，則以 those 代替。
b. 此處空格前的 its shape （它的形狀）為單數名詞，可知應以代名詞 that 替代，故 (C) 項應為正選。
The color of your car is darker than that of mine.
= The color of your car is darker than the color of mine.
你車子的顏色比我車子深。 - By the 15th century, the image gained wide popularity as the representation of love, devotion, or other kinds of affection and started to be used in religious paintings, sculptures, and ornaments.
到了十五世紀，這個圖案以代表愛情、忠誠或其他情感而受到廣大歡迎，並且開始被運用到宗教繪圖、雕塑與裝飾上。
理由:
a. 本題測試下列固定用法：
gain (in) popularity 受到歡迎
Tablet computers are gaining popularity because they are easy to carry around.
平板電腦因為攜帶方便而日益受到歡迎。
b. 根據上述用法，(A) 項應為正選。 - So, in a way, commercial use of the heart symbol has defeated its original spiritual message.
因此在某種程度上，心形符號的商業用途已使它原本的精神信息蕩然無存。
理由:
a. (A) at a time 一次
Jim can eat three bowls of beef noodle soup at a time.
吉姆一次可吃下三碗牛肉麵。
(B) for a change 做改變，藉以變化
衍: change for the better 情況好轉
Let's go to the movie theater instead of watching TV at home for a change.
我們不要在家看電視，改變一下去電影院吧。
Don't worry. The situation is changing for the better.
別擔心。情況正在好轉。
(C) from a distance 從遠方，從遠處
The huge neon sign was visible from a distance.
那巨大的霓虹燈看板從很遠的地方都看得到。
＊neon n. 霓虹燈
(D) in a way 某種程度上來說
同: to some extent
= to some degree
In a way, making mistakes is not entirely a bad thing because we can learn from them.
犯錯就某種程度來說並不全然是壞事，因為我們可以從中學習。
b. 根據語意，(D) 項應為正選。 - New York City authorities tried to sue many companies for what they claimed was the illegal use of the logo.
紐約市當局試圖控告許多公司，因為他們聲稱那是非法使用這個具有象徵意義的標誌。
理由:
a. (A) substitute vt. 取代，替換
衍: substitute A for B 用 A 取代／代替 B
Can I substitute onion rings for fries, please?
我能把薯條換成洋蔥圈嗎，拜託？
(B) sue vt. 控告
衍: sue sb for... 因……控告某人
Alex is planning on suing the company for exploiting their employees.
艾利克斯計劃控告該公司剝削員工。
＊exploit vt. 剝削，利用
(C) trade vt. 交易 & vi. 從事買賣
衍: trade A for B 以 A 交換 B
Tim traded his comic book for his brother's new toy car.
提姆用他的漫畫書交換弟弟的新玩具車。
(D) mistake vt. 誤認（三態為：mistake, mistook, mistaken。）
衍: mistake A for B 將 A 誤認為 B
A man on the street mistook my sister for Jolin Tsai and asked her for an autograph.
路上一名男子誤將我妹妹認作蔡依林，還向她要簽名。
b. 根據語意，(B) 項應為正選。 - Since the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City, the well-known logo has become a symbol of unity among people.
自紐約市的 911 恐怖攻擊事件後，這個鼎鼎大名的標
誌便成為一種人與人之間的團結象徵。
理由:
a. (A) dignity n. 尊嚴
Kim has no dignity when it comes to money.
一提到錢，阿金根本毫無尊嚴可言。
(B) quantity n. 量，數量
It is quality, not quantity, that really matters.
真正重要的是品質，而不是數量。
(C) unity n. 團結；團圓
Our team lacks unity because we don't have a leader.
我們隊上因為沒有隊長而缺乏團結。
(D) penalty n. 懲罰，處罰
衍: the death penalty 死刑
The class will have a debate about the death penalty tomorrow morning.
該班明天早上將舉行一場關於死刑問題的辯論。
＊debate n. & vt. 辯論
b. 根據語意，(C) 項應為正選。 | | | |  | - remain vi. 依然；保持（之後接名詞或形容詞作主詞補語）
After his fiancée was killed in a car accident, Mr. Huang decided to remain single for the rest of his life.
未婚妻車禍身亡後，黃先生決定終身不娶。
＊fiancée n. 未婚妻 - artistic a. 藝術的
Renoir's paintings have great artistic value.
雷諾瓦的畫作具有很高的藝術價值。 - slightly adv. 稍微地，有點，有些
Only Kate noticed that Cindy's hairstyle was slightly different today.
只有凱特注意到辛蒂今天的髮型略有不同。 - resemble vt. 與……相似
It's weird that Ally doesn't resemble any of her family members.
奇怪的是艾莉長得一點也不像她的家人。 - undergo vt. 經歷（三態為：undergo, underwent, undergone。）
One has to undergo intense physical training to become a US Navy SEAL.
要成為美國海軍海豹部隊隊員必須經過嚴格的體能訓練。 - transformation n. 轉變
- merely adv. 僅僅，只有
The guy's lunch merely consisted of a bowl of rice and an egg.
那名男子的午餐僅有一碗白飯和一顆蛋。 - affection n. 情感；情愛
The couple showed their affection by holding hands on the street.
這對情侶在街上手牽手以展現他們之間的愛意。 - souvenir n. 紀念品
I bought some traditional handicrafts home as souvenirs.
我買了一些傳統手工藝品回家當作紀念品。
＊handicraft n. 手工藝品 - commercial a. 商業的
This firm's commercial success depends on its sales.
這家公司生意上的成功全靠他們的業績。 - defeat vt. 使失去；擊敗，打敗
I had to acknowledge that I was defeated by the opponent.
我必須承認我被那位對手擊敗了。
＊acknowledge vt. 承認 - initially adv. 最初
衍: initial a. 最初的
Einstein's research was initially ignored by other scientists.
其他科學家起初都不把愛因斯坦的研究當一回事。
Al's initial reaction was to decline the offer.
艾爾最初的反應是婉言謝絕這個提議。 - claim vt. 聲稱，宣稱（其後常接 that 子句）
The principal claimed that he was not planning on retiring next year.
這位校長宣稱他明年並不打算退休。 | | | |  | ▼ botanical a. 植物（學）的
▼ illustration n. 插圖，圖解
▼ ornament n. 裝飾品
▼ spiritual a. 精神的；心靈的
衍: spirit n. 精神
▼ authorities n. 當局（恆用複數） | |  | - a stack of... 一疊……；一堆……
stack n. 一疊；一堆 & vt. 堆放
A stack of files awaited me on my desk.
桌上有一堆文件待我去處理。
＊await vt. 等待
Since Kelly didn't have a bookshelf, she stacked her books next to her bed.
因為凱莉沒有書架，所以她把書都堆在床邊。 - over / during / in the course of 在……過程中
Marvin has been through many ups and downs over the course of his life.
馬文在他的人生中經歷過許多起起落落。
＊ups and downs 起起落落 - be said to V 據說……
同: be reputed to V
repute vt. 認為，以為
This drink is said to help people lose weight.
這種飲品據說有助於減重。 - come a long way 有長足進展
When it comes to careers, women have come a long way in the last 30 years.
提到職場種種，過去三十年來女性的地位已獲得大幅度的改善。 | |
 | 愛 歷久彌堅
雖然這個愛的符號已隨著時間一再改變，但它的涵義始終如一。
每個人都知道且能夠認出這常見的心形符號，不論它是在一疊紙牌中、一張明信片或是在一件 T 恤上。然而，這個符號有著一段深厚悠久的歷史，該歷史在許多世紀的過程中經歷了眾多改變。
在古希臘與古羅馬的藝術設計中，我們可以找到代表永恆之愛的常春藤葉片植物符號。漸漸地，它的形狀（與心臟的形狀略為相似）經歷了一些轉變。到了中古時期，它從一個單純的植物圖案轉變為一個心形的圖像。這個符號據說是來自一本有關愛情的中世紀書籍，書中有一個插圖顯示著一位屈膝的男子向一名女子獻上他的心臟。到了十五世紀，這個圖案以代表愛情、忠誠或其他情感而受到廣大歡迎，並且開始被運用到宗教繪圖、雕塑與裝飾上。
自十九世紀起，這個符號就一直於用於情人節，作為在卡片、禮物盒及紀念品之上的裝飾。因此在某種程度上，心形符號的商業用途已使它原本的精神信息蕩然無存。
1977 年，出現了一個著名的『我愛紐約』標誌，『我愛紐約』起初是一首流行歌曲的名稱，之後便成為了紐約州的官方標誌。過去二十年來，該圖像中的這顆愛心符號已經被用作代表健康食物、心臟藥物以及其他類似物品的記號。紐約市當局試圖控告許多公司，因為他們聲稱那是非法使用這個具有象徵意義的標誌。自紐約市的 911 恐怖攻擊事件後，這個鼎鼎大名的標誌便成為一種人與人之間的團結象徵。從在人類最黑暗的時刻中給予人們安慰，到對他人表達愛意，心形符號自它身為一片常春藤葉片的出身之始已有相當大的進展。 答案： 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C | | | |  |  | 歡慶常春藤28周年！全館任兩本75折！
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